Revision notes class 9th S.st (Economics) Ch:2

                 Chapter: 2

         People as Resource

🔅Population of a nation can be its asset rather than liability.

🔅Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care.

🔅'People as resource' is a way of referring to a country's working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities.

🔅When existing human resource is developed by becoming educated and healthy it turns into human capital.

🔅Human capital is superior to other resources like land and physical capital, as it uses these capitals and adds value to them.

🔅Investment in human capital (through education, training, medical care) can give high returns in the future. Country like Japan have invested a lot in human resources. They do not have  rich natural resource, but still they are called developed nations.

🔅Human beings perform many activities which can be grouped into economic and non -economic.

🔆Economic Activities by Men and Women

🔅Economic activities are classified into three main sectors:

🔅Primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining and quarrying.

🔅Manufacturing is included in the Secondary sector.

🔅Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance, etc. are included in the tertiary sector.

🔅These activities add value to the national income. These activities are called Economic Activities.

🔆Economic activities have two parts - market activities and non -market activities.

🔅Economic activities are also called as market activities.

🔅Non -market activities are production for self consumption.

🔆Non- Economic Activities:

🔅Non -economic activities are ones that are not undertaken for any monetary gain. These are also called unpaid activities, example: Puja- path, housekeeping, helping the poor or disabled, etc.

🔅In India traditionally there is division of labour between men and women.

🔅Activities of women. Women generally look after domestic affairs like cooking of food, washing of clothes, cleaning of utensils, housekeeping and looking after children.

🔅Human capital: Human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in human beings. Population (human beings) become human capital when it is provided with better education, training and health care facilities.

🔆Quality of Population

🔅The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate,  life expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of the country.

🔆Education

🔅Education is the most important component of human resource development. It contributes towards the growth of the society,  enhances  the national income, cultural richness and increases efficiency of  governance.

🔅Providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary education with a special emphasis on girls.

🔅Establishment of schools like Navodaya vidyalaya in each district.

🔅The plan outlay on education has increased from Rs 151 crore in the first plan to Rs 376 6.90 crore in the eleventh plan.

🔅In view of its contribution towards the growth of the society, government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP rose from 0.64 percent in 1951- 52 to 3.98% in 2002 - 2003. However, our national goal is 6% of GDP.

🔅Literacy is uneven between males and females. Males are more literate. It also varies with urban and rural area. Urban population is more literate compared to rural.

🔅The literacy rates have increased from 18 % in 1951 to 74% in 2010-11.

There are  7.68 lakh schools  by 2004 to 2005. But education is diluted by the poor quality of schooling and high dropout rates.

🔅'Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan' is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years by 2010.

🔅Bridge courses and back to school camps have been initiated to increase the enrollment in elementary education.

🔅Mid- day meal scheme has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional status.

🔅The 12th plan endeavoured to raise the country's Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) in higher education in the age group of 18 to 23 years to  25.2 % by 2017-18 and to reach the target of 30% by 2020-21.

🔆Health

🔅Health is another very important component of human resource development. Efficiency of worker largely depends on their health.

🔅There has been considerable improvement in the country's health standard. For instance, the life expectancy at the time of birth in India Rose from 37.2 years in 1951to  63.9 years in 2001.

🔅Increased the life expectancy to over  68.3 years in 2014.

🔅Infant mortality rate (IMR) has come down from 147 in 1951 to 34 in 2016.

🔅Crude birth rates have dropped to 20.4 and death rates to 6.4 within the same duration of time.

🔅Protection of children from infection, ensuring the nutritional of both the mother and the child, and childcare.

🔅There are many places in India which do not have even basic facilities.

🔅Only 381 medical colleges in the country and 301 dental colleges.

🔅Just four states, like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu have the maximum number of colleges.

🔆Unemployment

🔅Unemployment is said to exist when people who are willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs.

🔅When we talk of unemployed people, we refer to those in the age group of 15 to 59 years. Children below 15 years of age and old people above 60 are not considered while counting the number of unemployed.

🔆Nature of unemployment in India

🔆Seasonal  unemployment occurs when people fail to get work during summer months of the year (that is during off-season) farm labourers is usually face this kind of problem.

🔆Disguised unemployment is another kind of unemployment found in rural areas. Such kind of problem arises due to excessive pressure of population on agriculture. Disguised unemployment refers to a situation where in the number of workers in a job is more than actually required to do the job. The extra number of workers are disguisedly unemployed. Increase in unemployment is an indicator of depressed economy.

🔆Consequence of Unemployment

1)Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource.

2) Unemployment tends to increase the economic overload that is dependence of the unemployed on the working population.

3)Unemployment may lead to increase in social unrest and tension.